Microbes of rumen

Cattle, sheep, and goats are herbivorous mammals with a specialized gut structure that allows them to thrive on fibrous foods like grass. Their first stomach, the rumen, hosts microorganisms that break down plant fiber into volatile fatty acids (VFA), which are absorbed for energy and growth. These microorganisms also provide additional nutrients as they pass through the digestive tract.

Ruminants can turn pastures and rough ground into human-edible food, producing meat and dairy products that are staples in many cultures. However, this comes with environmental and health concerns. The ruminal fermentation process produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas, and ruminants’ nitrogen-rich urine and feces can pollute land and waterways. Additionally, overconsumption of ruminant meat and milk may pose health risks.