Wastewater-based epidemiology: surveillance of illicit drugs and novel psyschoactive substances

Since ancient times, humans have sought substances that help them manage physical and emotional challenges. These psychoactive substances—whether naturally occurring or synthetically produced—can alter brain activity and are often used as medicines. However, their misuse poses serious risks. Excessive or illicit drug use can lead to health problems, addiction, and social issues such as violence and environmental contamination.

Proper medical use of psychoactive drugs and efforts to prevent drug abuse are essential for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals related to health, justice, and poverty reduction. Additionally, drug residues entering sewage and natural waters may interact with environmental microorganisms, potentially affecting aquatic ecosystems. Protecting clean water and life below water therefore also requires addressing drug misuse and its environmental impact.